The National Weather Service in Tucson is greatly indebted to Dr. Chris Castro, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, for his academic review of this monsoon website.

General Interest:

____, 2004: The North American Monsoon. Reports to the Nation on our Changing Planet. NOAA/National Weather Service. [Available on line at: http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outreach/Report-to-the-Nation-Monsoon_aug04.pdf ]

Glueck, J.R., 1997: Climate of Tucson, Arizona. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NWS-WR-249. Available upon request from NOAA/NWS Tucson, AZ.

Shoemaker, C. and J.T. Davis, 2008: Hazardous Weather Climatology for Arizona. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NWS-WR 282. 47 pp. [Available on line at: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/techMemos/TM-282.pdf ]

Academic Research Cited on This Page:

Adams, D.K., and A.C. Comrie, 1997: The North American Monsoon. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2197-2213.

Bieda, S.W., C.L. Castro, S.L Mullen, A.C. Comrie, and E. Pytlak, 2008: The relationship of transient upper-level troughs to intraseasonal and interannual variability of the North American Monsoon System. M.S. research paper, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 35 pp. In review for J. Climate.

Bosart, L.F., and coauthors, 2007: A Study of Southwestern US Warm Season Convection Associated with Westward- and Southwestward-Propagating Upper-Level Disturbances. Research Proposal for the Cooperative Project for Operational Meteorology Education and Training (COMET), Award Number: S07-66811. [Abstract available on line at: http://www.comet.ucar.edu/outreach/abstract_final/0766811.htm].

Carleton, A.M., D.A. Carpenter, and P. J. Weser, 1990: Mechanisms of Interannual Variability of the Southwest United States Summer Rainfall Maximum. J. Climate, 3, 999-1015.

Castro, C.L., T.B. McKee, and R.A. Pielke, 2001: The Relationship of the North American Monsoon to Tropical and North Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures as Revealed by Observational Analyses. J. Climate, 14, 4449-4473.

Castro, C.L., R.A. Pielke, and J.O. Adegoke, 2007: Investigation of the Summer Climate of the Contiguous United States and Mexico Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part I: Model Climatology (1950-2002). J. Climate, 20, 3844-3865.

Castro, C.L., R.A. Pielke, and J.O. Adegoke ,2007: Investigation of the Summer Climate of the Contiguous United States and Mexico Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part II: Model Climate Variability. J. Climate, 20, 3866-3887.

Douglas, A.V., and P.J. Englehart, 2007: A climatological perspective of transient synoptic features during NAME 2004. J. Climate, 20, 1947-1954.

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Englehart, P.J., and A.V. Douglas, 2006: Defining intraseaosnal rainfall variability within the North American Monsoon. J. Climate, 19, 4243-4253.

Fuller, R.D., and D.J. Stensrud, 2000: The relationship between tropical easterly waves and surges over the Gulf of California during the North American Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2983-2989.

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Higgins, R.W., Y. Chen, Y. and A.V. Douglas, 1999: Interannual Variability of the North American Warm Season Precipitation Regime. J. Climate, 12, 653-679.

Higgins, R.W., K.C. Mo, and Y. Yao, 1998: Interannual Variability of the U.S. Summer Regime with Emphasis on the Southwestern Monsoon. J. Climate, 11, 2583-2606.

Higgins, R.W., and W. Shi, 2000: Dominant Factors Responsible for Interannual Variability of the Summer Monsoon in the Southwestern United States. J. Climate, 13, 759-776.

Higgins, R.W., and W. Shi ,2001: Intercomparison of the Principal Modes of Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability of the North American Monsoon System. J. Climate, 14, 403-417.

Holton, J.R., J.A. Curry, and J. A. Pyle (eds.), 2003: Monsoons. Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Sciences. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 3, 1365-1400.

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Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell,
S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, A. Leetmaa, B. Reynolds, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K.C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, R. Jenne, and D. Joseph, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-470.

Keenan, T.D., and L.R. Brody, 1988: Synoptic-scale moduilation of convection during the Australian summer monsoon. Mon Weat Rev., 116, 71-85.

Kelley, W.E., and D.R. Mock, 1982: A diagnostic study of upper tropospheric cold lows over the western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 471-480.

Mo, K.C., and J.N. Paegle, 2000: Influence of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies on the Precipitation Regimes over the Southwest United States. J. Climate, 13, 3588-3598.

Maddox, R.A. McCollum, D., and Howard, K., 1995: Large-scale patterns associated with severe summertime thunderstorms over Central Arizona. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 763-778.

McCollum, D.M., 1993: Synoptic-scale patterns associated with severe thunderstorms in Arizona during the summer monsoon. M.S. thesis, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, 166 pp.

McCollum, D., D. Bright, J. Meyer, and J. Glueck, 1996: Operational Applications of the Real-time National Lightning Detection Network Data at the NWSO Tucson, AZ. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NWS-WR-241 (PB97-108450)

North American Monsoon Experiment: Science Implementation Plan, 2004: NAME Science Working Group. [Available on line at http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/monsoon/NAME.html.]

Pytlak, E., M. Goering, and A. Bennett, 2005: Upper tropospheric lows and their interaction with the North American Monsoon. Preprint CD-ROM, Living with a Limited Water Supply, Symposium, 85th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, San Diego, CA. J.P. 2.3

Pytlak, E. 2006: Revisiting upper tropospheric lows and their interaction with the North American Monsoon: What is next in hypothesis formulation and testing? Oral presentation at the 31st Annual Meeting, National Weather Association, Cleveland, OH. [Available on line at: http://www.nwas.org/meetings/nwa2006/index.php.]

Rogers, P. J., and R.H. Johnson, 2007: Analysis of the 13-14 July gulf surge event during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3098-3117.

Tang, M., and E.R. Reiter, 1984: Plateau monsoons of the Northern Hemisphere: a comparison between North America and Tobet. Mon Wea Rev., 112, 617-637.

Vera, C., W. Higgins, J. Amador, T. Ambrizzi, R. Garreaud, D. Gochis, D. Gutzler, D. Lettenmaier, J. Marengo, C.R. Mechoso, J. Nogues-Paegle, P.L. Silva Dias, and C. Zhang, 2006: Toward a Unified View of the American Monsoon Systems. J. Climate, 19, 4977-5000.

Whitfield, M.B., and S.W. Lyons, 1992: An upper-tropospheric low over Texas during summer. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 89-106.

NCEP Reanalysis Derived data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov

Other Monsoon-Related References:

Adang, T. C., and R. L. Gall, 1989: Structure and dynamics of the Arizona Monsoon Boundary. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1423-1438.

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Balling, R. C., Jr., and S. W. Brazel, 1987: Diurnal variations in Arizona monsoon precipitation frequencies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 342-346.

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Blake, D., 1923: Sonora storms. Mon Wea. Rev., 51, 585-588.

Brazel, A. J., and W. G. Nickling, 1986: The relationship of weather types to dust storm generation in Arizona (1965-1980). J. Climato., 6, 255-275.

Brenner, I. S., 1974: A surge of maritime tropical air-Gulf of California to the southwestern United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 375-389.

Bright, D.R., and S.L. Mullen, 2002a: The sensitivity of the numerical simulation of the Southwest monsoon boundary layer and choice of PBL turbulence parameterization in MM5. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 99-114.

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Carleton, A. M., 1985: Synoptic and satellite aspects of the southwestern U.S. summer "monsoon." J. Climato., 5, 389-402.

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Douglas, M.W., 1992: Structure and fluctuations of the summertime low-level jet over the Gulf of California and environs. Preprints, Fifth Conference on Mesoscale Processes, Jan. 5-10, Atlanta, GA.

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